Distinguishing and Relating Scientific, Epistemological and Ethical Problems in University Research

Abstract

This article examines how to differentiate and relate these issues in the context of academic research. Scientific problems focus on specific questions that guide research using the scientific method, emphasizing observation, experimentation, and theory formulation, as described by Mario Bunge. Epistemological problems, according to Pedro Guadarrama González, address the nature, validity and justification of scientific knowledge, exploring its logical, methodological and ontological foundations. Bioethical issues, exemplified in the work of Liblik et al., focus on the moral implications of research, particularly in biomedicine and public health, questioning social norms and promoting a reflective and pluralistic approach to the use of psychoactive substances. Finally, complex problems, discussed by Leff et al., address multifaceted phenomena that require an integration of cultural perspectives and diverse knowledge, overcoming traditional dichotomies for a holistic understanding. Campos concludes that in university research it is essential to integrate these problems to develop rigorous, reflective and socially responsible knowledge that addresses contemporary challenges in a contextualized manner.