Use of native yeasts as biocontrol agents for phytopathogenic fungi in grapes (Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera L.)
Keywords:
Vitis vinifera, Fungal diseases, Biocontrol, Native yeastsAbstract
The vine plant is susceptible to attack by fungal diseases caused by various species of filamentous fungi, yeasts and some bacteria. In Baja California Sur, Mexico, the incidence and severity of fungal infections in grapevines increased in the last two vegetative cycles. Biological control through the use of naturally found microorganisms that antagonize postharvest pathogens has been developed as an alternative to the use of chemical fungicides. Objective of this study was to study the antagonistic effects of native yeast isolates on filamentous fungi of agronomic and economic interest. Filamentous fungi and yeasts were isolated from grape grains. The antagonistic activity of isolated yeasts against isolated filamentous fungi was determined. The test was performed first in vitro at 25 ° C and then in vivo at 25 ° C and 2 ° C (only Botrytis cinerea, due to its ability to grow at low temperatures). In total, 16 yeasts and 6 filamentary fungi were isolated: Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus caelatus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Penicillium comune, Rhizopus setolonifer and Plasmopara viticola. In vitro and in vivo antagonism tests at 25 ° C showed that fermenting musts were the main viticultural environment from which antagonist yeasts (mostly S. cerevisiae species) capable of suppressing isolated phytopathogenic fungi were isolated. In the case of B. cinerea, the in vivo test was also carried out at 2 ° C, but no antagonist isolation reduced the percentage of incidence of gray rot by more than 50%. B. cinerea, A, carbonarius and R. stolonifer showed sensitivity to the action of 8 antagonist yeast isolates (5 belonging to the genus Saccharomyces and 3 to non-Saccharomyces). The isolates of the species S. cerevisiae (isolated mainly from fermentation musts) showed a high antagonistic capacity to suppress the different filamentous fungi under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Some biosuppressive yeasts were able to present a broad antagonistic spectrum against filamentous fungi.
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